The Issue of Happiness in Gooseberries Essay - 919 Words

The Issue of Happiness in Gooseberries nbsp; One who seeks their own happiness through life will fail to do much good for others. A preoccupation with achieving this ideal state of happiness will certainly lead to an inconsiderate view of the world. Anton Chekhovs story Gooseberries portrays a man who has come to this realization. He has seen the consequences of pure unadulterated happiness, and describes his subsequent emotions as melancholy. Why should an educated man, a veterinary surgeon none the less, have such issues with human happiness? This paper seeks to understand the question and relate it to the motives of the author, Anton Chekhov. nbsp; It is important, first of all, to ascertain the meaning of the word†¦show more content†¦The happiness that Ivan seems so opposed to and ashamed of, is the happiness that one strives for, seeks, dreams of, and forgets the world for. nbsp; Gooseberries are referred to more than a few times throughout the story. But what do these bittersweet fruits represent? [The] vision differed according to the advertisements he came across, but for some reason gooseberry bushes always figured in them. Ivan Ivanichs brother Nikolai has dreamt of living a country life for many years. His head was full of visions of garden paths, flowers, carp ponds... and gooseberries. Nikolai was a dreamer. He envisioned a happy life complete with his prized gooseberries. The gooseberries then, are meant to represent a longing for happiness. Such a longing that all other realities in life are faded until all that one knows is their own happiness. nbsp; Money, like vodka, makes a man eccentric. How does happiness harvest greed? For an answer to this one, look at the whole of history. On page 177, Ivan Ivanich is describing his brothers relationship with his wife. At last I heard he was married. All for the same purpose, to buy himself an estate with gooseberries on it, he married an ugly elderly widow, for whom he had not the slightest affection, just because she had some money. Here, Chekhov ties greed and longing for happiness into one line, which shows how the two emotions can build on each other. Gluttony isShow MoreRelatedDessert Buffet Marketing Plan14068 Words   |  57 Pages1. Executive Summary 3 2. Situation Analysis 4 2.1. Market Demographic 4 2.2. Market Demands 5 2.3. Product Life Cycle 6 2.4. SWOT Analysis 9 2.5. Competition and Buying Patterns 10 2.6. Product offering 13 2.7. Keys to success 15 2.8. Critical Issues 15 3. Marketing Strategy 16 3.1. Mission Statement 16 3.2. Vision 16 3.3. Slogan 16 3.4. Target Market 16 3.5. Product Positioning (Niche) 16 3.6. Marketing Mix and Strategies 18 3.7. Marketing Research 22 4. Financial Analysis 24 4.1 Desired

Essay on The Kite Runner Literary Critism - 1452 Words

In Khaled Hosseini’s inspirational novel The Kite Runner; Amir as a young boy is forced to step up, face his fears and right what once was wrong. The haunting past event that occurred during his childhood creates a dark shadow that has strongly carried its way to Amir’s adulthood. Even after moving away from his home country to another continent, with the hopes to bury those old memories away, Amir finds himself having to go back home to a land that he no longer knows of, and is forced to relive his past childhood with Hassan; his dearest friend. For the first time, he must learn on his own to step forth and face his fears. Can you really make things right again – even after all hope is lost? With the struggle of social stature between†¦show more content†¦Hassan steps in and fends them off. I’ve seen it with my own eyes. And when they come home, I say to him, how did Hassan get that scrape on his face? And he says he fell down. I’m telling you Rahim, theirs something missing in that boy.† – Baba (Page 24) After all the times Hassan stood up for Amir the one time Hassan needed him most Amir stood back in the shadows turning a blind eye to what was going on. Hassan was cornered alone by Assef and the neighborhood bullies, and was distastefully held down and sodomized by these boys in the dirty ally right after the kite fight. It was this moment the ultimate betrayal came to pass. This incidence decayed the boy’s relationship in a way Amir never imagined. This guilt followed him all throughout his adulthood. His fathers words constantly kicked him back down to that very same dirty ally where he could not stand up for his dearest fr iend - for his brother. It was the fear of seeing Hassan in a position where he needed someone to stand up for him because Amir was used to seeing Hassan as being strong and always standing up for himself. So when it came to the point where Hassan needed him the most, he didn’t know what to do, simply because he was the one always needing Hassan - not the other way around. This fear traveled with Amir for years and even after moving away he could not over come and bury these â€Å"skeletons.† After this incident, the relationship between Amir and Hassan

A Blind Man Leads the Way Free Essays

A Blind Man Leads the Way â€Å"Cathedral† by Raymond Carver, describes a couple who is awaiting the arrival of the wife’s blind friend, Robert. The husband is not too fond of a blind man staying in their house and is judgmental about meeting him. It’s not until the family sits down to watch t. We will write a custom essay sample on A Blind Man Leads the Way or any similar topic only for you Order Now v. that the husband gains respect for Robert. A show about cathedrals comes on, and Robert asks him to describe them to him. When Robert and the husband draw the cathedral together with their eyes closed, the husband begins to see what he could not describe with his eyes open. Carver uses the cathedral in the story as a symbol of sight, insisting that the narrator was blinded by prejudice before he met Robert and also as a symbol of teaching, Robert acting as a preacher in a church. The husband is very judgmental and negative toward blind people. He states, â€Å"My idea of blindness came from the movies. In the movies, the blind moved slowly and never laughed. Sometimes they were led by seeing eye dogs† (526). The husband views all blind people as the same and gives them the same respect, which is none. He brings them down to make himself feel better. Carver’s figures close themselves off from their worlds, walling out the threatening forces in their lives even as they wall themselves in and retreat destructively into the claustrophobic inner enclosures of self† (Davis). When the narrator meets Robert and they all sit down for dinner, his opinion about Robert begins to change. He says, â€Å"The blind man had right away located his fo ods, he knew just where everything was on his plate† (531). The husband was in shock that Robert did not need someone to cut up his food and help him eat his meals. He begins to see and appreciate Robert as a person and not just as a blind man. His sight is in full affect when he begins describing the cathedral from the t. v. show. The narrator could see the cathedral, but he could not quite describe what he saw. He and the blind man began to draw the cathedral, and for once the narrator felt like he was the blind and that the blind man was the one who could see. The husband states, â€Å"It’s really something† (537). This is when he can fully see the picture not only of the cathedral, but also the understanding that even the blind can see and understand things with their eyes closed. The narrator comes to understand Robert and learns a lot from him. Robert helps him to open his eyes and become less judgmental of the blind. The husband learns from Robert that you can’t judge a book by its cover, and that sometimes it’s the important things in life that you can’t see that really matter. Cathedrals are holy structures that people go to and receive an understanding of a higher power. In this story Robert is represented by the cathedral being the teacher, and the seeker is the husband. Robert is the one who gives the understanding of what it is like to be blind. Robert teaches the husband along the way by his actions and shows him that being blind is not a disability, but sometimes even a gift. Robert insists they draw a cathedral together and as the husband draws, Robert guides him through the process. Robert states, â€Å"That’s right. That’s good,† he said. â€Å"Sure. You got it bub, I can tell. You didn’t think you could but you can, can’t you† (536)? Robert is guiding the narrator through the process, just as a preacher would guide his church through a service. Robert is guiding the husband step by step, making sure he is getting an understanding of the Cathedral. In the beginning, the narrator was less passionate about Cathedrals, but through Robert’s eyes, he grew found of them. The narrator states, â€Å"The truth is, cathedrals don’t mean anything special to me. Nothing. Cathedrals. They’re something to look at on late-night TV† (535). The narrator viewed cathedrals differently by the end, and they made him feel something he had never felt before. The narrator states, â€Å"My eyes were still closed. I was in my house. I knew that. But I didn’t feel like I was inside anything† (536). At this point the narrator feels outside of everything at the moment and spiritually feels like he is part of something greater. â€Å"As a symbol represents a kind of common humanity and benevolence, and of human patience and fortitude, in the process of â€Å"a-spiring. † Curiously enough it is within the walls of the cathedral that the narrator ultimately ends up† (Nesset). Robert showed the narrator that there is a higher power out there. He did not want to pester the husband by talking to him about religion so he showed him through drawing the cathedral. The narrator felt like he was outside of his own body and felt like he was part of something higher. Robert taught the husband along the way showing him that seeing isn’t believing, but believing is seeing. By this point, the narrator witnessed himself opening up and becoming less judgmental of the situation. â€Å"Only in Cathedral does the reader witness the rare moments of their coming out, and process of opening up in closed-down lives that comes across in both the subjects and events of the stories†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Nesset). Robert was a Christian man, and believes that he showed the narrator that there is a higher power out there, and helped the husband understand that through the cathedral. â€Å"The narrator of â€Å"Cathedral† communicated verbally and non-verbally with Robert, resulting a renewed sense of empathy and a remarkable, almost religious experience† (Champion). The narrator did experience a religious experience through the cathedral, and it made him feel like he was not himself. Through the cathedral, the husband is a changed man. Robert shows and guides him along the way, teaching him that seeing is not everything and that even someone blind can help you to see and understand things you never thought you could describe. In the beginning the husband was very judgmental of Robert and did not want him in his home, and by the end he felt like his life had been missing something and that was the guidance of the cathedral. The sight he encountered as he sat there with Robert and drew the cathedral was like something he had never seen before, and could only be seen with his eyes closed. How to cite A Blind Man Leads the Way, Papers

Work Related Stress and Counseling

Question: Discuss about theWork Related Stress and Counseling. Answer: Work- Related Stress Introduction Stress can be defined as a disturbance of individuals mental or physical equilibrium as a result of a reaction to a given stimulus(Dorothy, 2013). A stressful event initiates biological responses, fight-or-flight, that triggers hormones such as cortisol and adrenaline that flow through ones body. According to John Shepherd Kims video on How to manage work-related Stress, he outlines several ways to manage work-related stress. This section will review the concepts presented in the video. Features of Work-Related Stress John suggests that work is a major component to an individual's psychological well-being as it provides one with social support, engage in physical and mental activities as well as gaining a sense of identity. According to research, is noted that work-related stress is one of the most assessed health risks in Singapore, as most professionals underperform in their daily tasks due to mismanagement of work-related stress. In episode 41, John presents us with how an individual can be classified as experiencing work-related stress. First, if one experiences fatigue he or she might be experiencing work-related stress. Arguably fatigue can arise from overworking or brain strain. Fatigue is a common workplace-related stress as individuals feel they are not able to achieve their daily tasks at a given moment. Additionally, another salient feature that is associated with work-related stress is multiple episodes of insomnia. Scholars define insomnia as a sleeping disorder where an individual ex periences shortness in sleep(Pandi-Perumal Kramer, 2010). Furthermore, John states that workers who are diagnosed with work-related stress tend to experience multiple headaches and migraines associated with diarrhea. Stress as a disturbance t the physical well-being of an individual tends to alter the functioning of the body. Other bodily symptoms that depict work-related stress include constipation and multiple heart palpitations as postulated in the video. Additionally, there are other bodily symptoms of stress such nausea, chest pains, frequent colds and infections and loss of sexual desire and ability(Pandi-Perumal Kramer, 2010). Also, he asserts that pessimism and feelings to overwhelm encompassed with the inability to cope with work the daily work tasks as activities. Notably, with the dysfunctions of the physical activities an individual will experience feelings of being unable to complete tasks. Pessimism refers to feelings of hopelessness in accomplishing an objective. Therefore, it is evident that a stressed worker will automatically possess such symptoms. To add on, John suggests that other symptoms result in work-related stress such as workers experiencing diminished creativity and inability to make rational decisions. When one is faced with a stressful event at work, he will tend to be less creative as the mind is settled for proper functioning. Furthermore, unsettled minds tend to create some discrepancies in making credible decisions. Such results to making risky decisions that might lead to a poor business performance regarding service delivery. Lastly, he emphasizes that work-related stress tends to be associated with irritability, reduced ability to make adequate decisions, diminished creativity, isolation, aggression, problems with interpersonal relationship with other workers. With these symptoms related to a person with work-stress, it is evident that an individual will depict poor work creativity that will lead to a drop in job performance. Stress Management: Video Review According to the YouTube Video, John suggests crucial steps in starting a work-related stress management scheme. First, one has to identify the stressor. He suggests that one must be able to determine the source of work stress such as from the top most management or fellow workers, from physical issues such as commuting to work, or for a given work task. Scholars suggest that when one can identify a stressor, it will be much easier for him to manage the work-related stress. Furthermore, research suggests that individuals who are aware of their stressors tend to collaborate in counseling sessions accordingly and they recover from the stressful events (cite). John suggests that if one can identify a stressor such as the boss. One must formulate queries to detect what elements in the stressor are the main cause of stress. Therefore, it is imperative to acknowledge the main cause of stress emerging for the boss and dealing with it at a personal level. As such if one can deal with the work-related stress from the boss he/she has achieved a milestone in the first stage of stress management. He adds on and says that if one identify that the work task is the main source of stress, it is an individual responsibility to change the parameters within the stressor. Consequently, he stipulates the second stage, tip to managing work-related stress as a product of organization. He advises individuals that being organized helps one to have a clear mind. Organization skills are a significant component of work-related stress management. It is easier to avoid stressful events when one is fully organized. John suggests the use of to-do lists where individuals can be able to meet work task deadlines to avoid stressors such as accumulation of work tasks. The fourth step in managing stress as suggested by John in the video focusses on the balancing health and work. He suggests that one must take good care of himself when it comes to health matters so as to enjoy the fruits of their labor in a healthy state. Research suggest that workaholics tend to experience stressful events more often. Overdoing something will initiate some bodily dysfunction which might lead to poor health, as such, an individual will not be able to balance both parameters. Conclusively, John gives a fourth tip basing on the direction of stress. He proclaims that when one is stressed up it is not advisable to direct anger and aggression towards a family member or co-workers, instead, he should learn to share with them and in the process, he might get help. Alternatively, one can seek further support from family members or counseling firms so that they can contribute in managing stress levels. Reflection The video outline the building blocks that counselors can focus on during therapy sessions. Work-related stress has been a major issue with most corporate workers in Singapore. The video also acts a form of treatment which might help the client best understand the dynamics involved in managing work-related stress. In a workplace scenario, it evident that one can experience work overload and pressure from top management. Therefore, after viewing this video, I find it helpful in areas of one being able to identify a specific source of stress and being able to manage ones own stress. Furthermore, the video reveals some simple tips that can help individuals manage stress at a personal level. Applying Counselling Skills Incorporating counseling skills in managing work-related stress is essential for any counselor. First, one must create a therapeutic relationship with the client. After creating a positive relation, a counselor must gather relevant data regarding work-related stress as specified in the video. Secondly, one has to set therapeutic goals in achieving the objective of letting the client out of the facility when he or she is stress-free. After goals are created, there is always room for restructuring or modeling the set goals of therapy by looking at alternatives through utilization of theories in psychology. Lastly, a generalized action must be postulated that will focus on treating the patient(Ivey, Ivey, Zalaquett, 2013). For the case study of Mary and Allen, the following table will outline the possible strengths and weakness of the counseling session. Comments Table Basic Counselling Skills Comments Attending Skills Verbal Visual Vocal Body Language The counselor clearly used verbal skills and vocal skills appropriately. The counselor did not utilize the use of body language and visual patterns from the client. It could be of help from the authenticity of information given by the client Questioning Open-Ended Questions Close Ended Questions The counselor utilized the use of both types of questions pro-actively and was able to formulate feasible alternatives. Active Listening Skills Encouraging Paraphrasing Summarizing The counselor was undoubtedly encouraging to the client and utilized summarizing skills that are appropriate for a decisional model. Reflection of feelings In my own view, the counselor was well focused and outlined the objectives accordingly to the intervention process of the client 5 Stages of Counselling Rapport Data Gathering Mutual Goal Setting Working Action All the five stages of counseling were out rightly followed. Confrontation Skills Confrontation skills were used as it was relevant to know of other activities that are more liked by the client. Focusing (which dimensions did the counselor focus on) The counselor focused on creating alternatives that the client will make a decision on career development. Reflection of Meaning (What counseling approaches did the counselor use during the session?) Logo-therapy Person-centered Therapy Cognitive-Behavioral The counselor used person-centered therapy as he focused on the personal values of the client Influencing and Integration Skills (evaluate based on which influencing skills did the counselor used most) The counselor repeatedly used self-disclosure feedback so that he could know more of the clients personal values to generate possibilities that will let the client make a viable decision Conclusion Counseling skills are essential for the betterment of a therapeutic session with a client who tends to experience work-related stress. Work-related stress can be managed by an individual as well as seek family or counseling services depending on the nature of the source of stress. As per the video and the case study, it is important for individuals to understand themselves better and take good care of their health to avoid work-related stress. References Dorothy, C. H. (2013). Formulation and Definition in Stress Management. In Stress Management: An Integrated Approach to Therapy (pp. 27-48). New York: Brunner/Mazel Inc. Douglas, B., Woolfe, R., Strawbridge, S., Kasket, E., Galbraith, V. (2016). The Handbook of Counselling Psychology. SAGE Publishers. Ivey, A. E., Ivey, M., Zalaquett, C. P. (2013). Intentional interviewing and counseling: Facilitating client development in a multicultural society. Nelson Education. Pandi-Perumal, S. R., Kramer, M. (2010). Sleep and mental illness. London: Cambridge University Press.

Functionalist and Symbolic Interactionist free essay sample

Functionalist and Symbolic Interactionist Functionalist and Symbolic Interactionist SO1050 Sociology Functionalist, also known as structural functionalism because of its views on the ways social structures accompanies social needs. In perspective, functionalism structures social influences by what is visible and in demand now. (Boundless. com/Sociology)Functionalism has been criticized for downplaying the role of individual action, and for being unable to account for social change. In the functionalist perspective, society and its institutions are the primary units of analysis. Individuals are significant only in terms of their places within social systems (i. e. , social status and position in patterns of social relations). Functionalists have been disputed because of its terms of how socialism is accounted, because of how it lacks the support and accredited ability of one’s actions and how socialization transforms during its process. Functionalist is the oldest theory but the most popular one used to determine groups because of its basic terms toward how social groups react and functions of how the mind and body works. We will write a custom essay sample on Functionalist and Symbolic Interactionist or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The structure of how people interact with others and the ability to fit in certain groups are determined by the mind state of acceptability. When evaluating functionalism it is more of a hypothesis that could be proven right or wrong in its factor of determining how society works when it comes to grouping and organizations of people by characteristics. (Boundless. com/Sociology)Structural functionalism, or simply functionalism, is a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability. Symbolic Interactionist, known also as symbolic interaction perspective, is a form of social grouping based on how people are forcefully placed into groups, events and social organizations. Unlike functionalism, Symbolic Interactionist believes that peer pressure and environmental exposure has much effect over socialization and its developments. People adapt and form social lifestyles by what they are exposed to, such as cigarette smoking, drinking, dating, etc. When ressured into doing something for the first time just to have some forms of acceptance, people tend to try things and develop habitual behaviors that are introduced by peers. (Anderson, M. L. and Taylor, H. F. , 2009). Critics of this theory claim that symbolic interactionism neglects the macro level of social interpretation—the â€Å"big picture. † In other words, symbolic Interactionist may miss the larger issues of society by focusing too closely on the â€Å"trees† rather than the â€Å"forestâ € . The perspective also receives criticism for slighting the influence of social forces and institutions on individual interactions. The theory of Symbolic Interactionalist has been criticized because critics believe that it focused too much on individuals and how they react to personal ways of how people react to wanting to be a part of a group and/or organization, that it lacked the focus of how groups and organizations are developed based on its biological influences. I believe that the symbolic theory has a better and clearer perspective of all theories because it focuses on how peer pressures and environmental behaviors has its influences on people as individuals, which eventually becomes a group or organization of socialization when manipulated by the growth of numbers. Functionalists do make a great point about how everything works together as one unit when it comes to social groups and the coordination of how socialism is formed. I do not agree with the full aspect of functionalists but the co-ordinance of its concept does make some sense. Symbolic Interactionalist forms its theory by reviewing probable causes using surroundings and its peers as a way of understanding social formations. I choose the Symbolic Theory because of its somewhat accuracy of how groups and organizations are formed and past down from generation to generation. I do believe peers and a person’s environmental surroundings have much to do with social connections and how its functions are developed. Reference Boundless. com- https://www. boundless. com/sociology/understanding-sociology/theoretical-perspectives-in-sociology/functionalist-perspective/ Copyright  © 2011-2012, Boundless Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Anderson, M. L. and Taylor,

Analysis of Aristotles Poetics in conjunction with Sophocles Oedipus Rex

Analysis of Aristotles Poetics in conjunction with Sophocles Oedipus Rex The philosopher Aristotle gave the very first definition of a tragedy. Because of Poetics, lecture notes taken by one of Aristotle's students, one knows the definition of a tragedy. From what we know to be true in history, scholars furiously debated the definition of a tragedy. These scholars discussed the best tragedies and the worst ones. The scholars debated the definition and components of a tragedy. The definition of a tragedy results in many interpretations. Therefore, thousands of years of furious debating yielded nothing and wasted precious oxygen. However, according to Aristotle the greatest tragedy is Oedipus Rex by Sophocles. Aristotle must have held this tragedy in very high regard because the Poetics is based on Oedipus Rex. What makes Oedipus Rex a tragedy? To understand how this play is a tragedy, one must examine the inner machinations of the Poetics, the mindset of Aristotle, and the glorious Golden Age of Greek civilization.Oedipus and the Sphinx of Thebes, Red Figu re Kylix...Oedipus Rex is a tragedy because it contains all the components as defined by Aristotle.A tragedy must have a catharsis to take the reader's soul through a roller coaster ride of feelings. An analogy of a dark cloud of rain cleansing a house makes a good comparison for the catharsis. This sentence symbolically represents the catharsis or cleansing of the emotions that arouses pity or fear in a tragedy (Aristotle XIV 1). The catharsis in Oedipus Rex is when Oedipus is "as piteous as he appears in the final scene with Creon" (Weigel 1601). The placement of the catharsis results in many contradicting emotions flurrying. These emotions all mix to represent the catharsis. The emotions create a whirlwind of feelings. At first, the people of Thebes think he is god, and then Jocasta commits suicide. These actions represent the spectrum of emotional discharge.To capitalize on the reader's emotions the catharsis should be used in concordance with recognition and reversal. These eff ects leave the reader longing for a resolve. The inclusion of a catharsis with the recognition is directly reflected for "[O]ur knowledge allows us to fear the final revelation, but also to pity this man as his past is gradually and relentlessly uncovered to him" (Weigel 1600). This also adds a element of dramatic irony which is the affect of the reversal. Oedipus confirms the dramatic irony by saying the knowledge "...came to me on a wind that seemed favorable. Ah, I feel the stab of these sharp pains and with it the memory of my sorrow" (Sophocles 93). Oedipus's recognition occurs when the messenger inadvertently tells him his real past. In this one scene, Oedipus life turns around. Triumph collapses to despair and ultimately suffering; "The tremendous excitement of this passage is partly due to the fact that what Oedipus 'recognizes' is the reversal: 'the best form of recognition is coincident with a Reversal of the Situation as in the Oedipus,' says Aristotle (XI 2)" (Fergusson 17). The emotions the catharsis, recognition, and the reversal have triggered is now tripled as hope turns to despair and ultimately death.The result of Oedipus's trouble stems from several ignorant decisions. Aristotle defines hamartia as "error of judgment" (Aristotle XIII 3). The denial of Tiresias presents the root cause of all Oedipus's troubles. This fault causes Oedipus to accuse Tiresias of starting up "...such a story!" (Sophocles 23) and thinking he "...will get away with this" (Sophocles 23). Oedipus makes several key bad decisions. Oedipus also makes a fatal mistake by starting the frantic search throughout the city. Oedipus tries to find the murderer of Laius by madly questioning the dwellers of Thebes. Of course, no one comes forth of the crime because Oedipus himself is the murderer (Sophocles 14).The relevance of fate remains a powerful element in Greek civilization and Greek drama. Symbolically, the power of fate represents the power of the gods. Fighting fate may b e viewed as an aspect of hamartia, but it is not so. Hamartia is error in choice, but if we are fated to decide on a choice is that hamartia? Hence, fate is separately treated. Oedipus denies fate to justify his own intentions. Although Tiresias warns Oedipus that he is the killer he seeks, Oedipus denies his own fate to justify finding the "real" criminal (Sophocles 22-23). Even Jocasta admits he is an "Ill-fated man. May you never find out who you are" (Sophocles 78). His actions cause his misfortune and the misfortune of his family. This is an important component of a tragedy. It sets the tragic hero up for a scene of suffering. Oedipus gives himself "bodily agony, wounds, and the like" (Aristotle XI 6).Oedipus Rex employs several mechanisms from Aristotle's Poetics. A tragedy must contain the elements mentioned in the paper. Each one of the components of a tragedy complements each other to complete the tragic effect. Without the recognition, the reversal is nonexistent. This is just one of the many examples of interdependence. Proving Oedipus Rex is a tragedy is important because of the basis it creates for other tragedies to follow. This tragedy withstands the test of time and now stands as a testament to Western literature. In these manners, Oedipus Rex is truly a great tragedy.

Eurozone crisis roars back to savage Spain Article Analysis Essay

Eurozone crisis roars back to savage Spain Article Analysis - Essay Example Spain is considered one of the most important economies of the world. Considering this importance of the Spanish economy, several economies of the Eurozone as well as of the world have expressed concerns regarding the effects this economic trouble this will create throughout the world. These factors will be discussed in this assignment in detail later and economic theories will be presented to analyze if the Spanish government has been right in implementing its policies or not. The article which will be discussed in this assignment is regarding the economic crisis which Spain is facing and the troubles that lie ahead for Spain in the foreseeable future. The article was written by Liam Halligan who is the chief economist at the Prosperity Capital Management, and this article was published in the Daily Telegraph. Spain as mentioned above has long been considered one of the world’s most important economies with its great potential in real estate and investments from foreign companies. Spain is the fourth largest economy in the Eurozone and the world’s twelfth biggest economy. This has actually raised more fears that if such a huge economy goes bust, then to what extent will it negatively affect the European and worldwide economies. The Spain crisis started in 2008 when the worldwide and European recession arose and the debt crisis began to take dominance. All of a sudden, the unemployment rates increased drastically and the burden fell on the people as well as the government because it had much lower tax revenues and a lot of social benefits to distribute in addition to the repayment of debts which were previously borrowed in the early 2000’s. ... In the early 2000’s, the Spanish economy went through a boom in real estate and this triggered a huge amount of private borrowing from European Central Banks (ECB). At that point, no one had predicted that the year 2008 will prove to be a disaster for most of the European economies. When the Eurozone crisis struck, the banks and financial institutions started to demand their money back due to funds shortage. Also several economies who had lend the money to Spain asked for servicing its debts due to the fact that they needed money to counter the recession. At this point, the prices of property began to fall due to the recession and the borrowers were finding it harder to service the debts because the investments for which they had borrowed money were turning out to be bad investments. Today, the private sector debt in Spain is around 300 percent of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which is considered extremely high. Figure 1: Spain government Debt to GDP Ratio (Trading Economic s) The Figure 1 above shows that the Spanish government debt to GDP ratio stands at 60% which is high for a country whose private sector is leveraged with debt to an astonishing figure of 300 percent. With Spain being indebted to other economies, mostly European, to such an extent, the time was fast approaching when it had to repay its debt gradually year by year. When the time of servicing the debts came, it had to borrow more money from other sources so that it could repay the previously borrowed money. With the Spanish economy already so highly leveraged, the European Central Bank and financial institutions were reluctant to give them the money. With this reluctance, the

Ideas From Response to Intervention Research Paper

Ideas From Response to Intervention - Research Paper Example The model introduces inclusiveness into the education model through introducing more accommodating models of instructions and a need-based allocation of the learning facilities to the targeted learners’ teams. One of the models concentration areas is addressing the learning difficulties detected in learners at earlier stages before they adjust to them, to the extent that they will need exposure to special education programs. From exposing students to high quality instruction models and interventions at the very initial stages of the problems detected, the model is able to prevent these subjects from falling behind their counterparts. This paper is an appraisal of RTI models to determine the ideas that are familiar, those that are new and intriguing, and those that seem confusing and impractical (Hale 16-27). Discussion Some of the assumptions adopted by the RTI model form the core aspect of learning of different students, and provide a framework for understanding the reality s urrounding the learning ability of all learners. Some of the ideas contained in the assumptions adopted by RTI clearly define the dynamics that need to be introduced into the delivery of education towards realizing a more accommodative model of education for all learners. These ideas are discussed below (Sahlberg 167). The educational structure can successfully teach all learners – despite the imminent personality and intellectual variations between one learner and the other. From the study of Sahlberg (167), the ability of teachers to offer instructions from research based approaches depending on the success of the given model improves the performance of different students in a significant manner. The use of innovative models in offering instructions to learners can also accommodate both slow and fast learning students, including support of abstract ideas with diagrams, demonstrations and descriptions, all supposed to create better understanding. The problem-solving abilitie s of teachers also contribute greatly to the success of low-performing students as these are cultivated into the learning model. Some of the traits introduced into this approach include planning, reflection, evaluation and action to integrate what is taught at classes (Sahlberg 10). Based on these reviewed facts, it is clear that the introduction of research-based instructions, adopting those that work best, instructing using innovative models and cultivating instruction absorption models among the students can greatly influence the performance of different learners – both fast and slow. These facts, therefore, can be applied to prove the credibility of the idea presented by RTI that an effective learning system can effectively teach all students. From class and group work during my course, I have experienced the fact that student-based instruction models can foster the performance of different learners including those that are intellectually challenged. An example is a case where diagrams were greatly helpful in cultivating the success of group members, especially those who could not comprehend abstract ideas substantially (Sahlberg 167). RTI models also work on the basis of the principle that early intervention is vital towards avoiding the development of learning-based problems. From the case of Finnish schools explained in Sahlberg (155), the training of teachers to make them highly capable of detecting and diagnosing problems among their students, classrooms and schools has been a great step towards addressing the learning

Language and Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Language and Culture - Essay Example Language can affect the  culture  of a society, especially when the  society  borrows, and then modifies  alien  words from other cultures to  fit  in their own. As such this changes the  culture  making it evolve with time. Language use within a text refers to the combination of various forms of the  linguistic  and  grammatical  technique used within the context with the aim of communicating a message to another party. Its uses can  be  in many different ways and purposes; it  is spoken, written, and referred, from visual representations. Language  is used  to  work, play, praise, insult, court and reduce among other reasons. Throughout the use of language,  various  techniques  are applied  to  simplify  its meanings also to  create  interest  and  humor  such as through the use of rhyme and repetition to create a  musical  effect. The use of  language  can be categorized into much broader uses categories which are the  evocative, the expressive, the performative, the evaluative and the informative. This is for  clear  communication of information and there the use of  various  linguistic techniques. ... For instance, throughout the website the  writer  uses terms such as â€Å"you are not alone† in the start of a  sentence  when describing the  occurrence, effects and handling of peer pressure. This is an already constructed  phrase, and it passes information relating with most people within the society; thus, effectively and  immediately  passing the information to the readers. It also reduces the necessity of  grammatical  correction and the  application  of  further  grammatical  techniques within this part of the text. Within the various passage texts in the website, there are  various  words used that are of other and similar linguistic  background.  These are words obtained from other languages, or are a combination of two or more different ancient  language  words that sum up to the meaning of the intended, in the English context.  Words used such as microscope derived from the Greek words "mikros" referring to  puny  and "skopein" referring to look or  see, the two combined in English forms the word microscope meaning an  instrument  used in the viewing and investigations of objects that minute, and cannot be seen by the naked eye. Semantics The  linguistic  statement  semantics developed from the Greek word semantic, and it refers to the study of meaning focusing on the relation between the use of signifiers such as phrases, words, signs and what they  denote  in the text, in linguistics. It tries to  denote  meaning through the understanding of  different  human expressions through language.  This includes the use puns and conations, among others, in an English language  context  to  magnify  the expressed  message  and to ensure the readers' undivided attention.  It also acts as a  way  of reducing monotony, thus,

Understanding What Is Psychiatric Injury Law Essay

Understanding What Is Psychiatric Injury Law Essay Psychiatric injury has traditionally been known by courts as nervous shock which then has brought much confusion in the area of law by being completely misleading. This term implies that claimants can seek damages because they are shocked as the result of the defendants negligence, upset, or frightened. In order to claim for nervous shock, the claimants have to prove that they have suffered from a genuine illness or injury. In some situations the illness or injury may be a physical, brought as a result of mental shock. For example in Bourhill v Young  [1]  , a woman had a miscarriage as a result of shock caused by witnessing a terrible road accident. If the shock has not caused a physical illness or injury, the claimant must prove that it caused a positive psychiatric illness as described in McLoughlin v OBrian  [2]  . Some examples of these include, clinical depression, personality changes and post traumatic stress disorder, which mostly occurs in reaction to the violent or unexpected death of a close person. However this does not include people who are simply upset by a shock no matter how bad it is, they have to recognize psychiatric illness and medical evidence will be needed to prove that. Therefore claimants who can prove such injury can only claim in negligence if they can be able to establish that they are owed a duty of care by the defendant in regarding the psychiatric illness, and the defendants negligence caused the injury. The case law then has developed a set of rules covering different situations of a claimant depending on their relationship with the event that caused the shock. These categories have varied at different stages of the law, however since the most recent case of Alcock v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire  [3]  as well as White v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire  [4]  there are now three categories: Those who are physically injured in the event caused by the defendant and psychiatrically injured as a result of it (primary victims) Those who are put in danger of physical harm but actually only suffer psychiatric injury (primary victims), and Those who are NOT put in danger of physical injury but only suffer psychiatric injury as a result of witnessing such injury to others (secondary victims) Primary Victims A primary victim is one who suffers psychiatric injury after being directly in an accident and is either himself physically injured or put in a fear of injury. An accident victim who suffers physical injury due to the negligence of another person can recover damage not only for the physical injuries but also for the psychiatric injury. The case of White v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire  [5]  confirms that if a person negligently puts another to a risk of injury, then they will be liable for any damage. This was established by the leading case of Dulieu v White Sons  [6]  where the defendant negligently drove his van into the premises, the victim feared for her safety, although she was not actually struck, she was frightened and suffered miscarriage as a result. The defendant was regarded liable even though there was no physical impact as he could have foreseen that the claimant would have suffered such shock. Therefore we can see that the issue of foreseeability has been taken into account regarding the primary victims, where if psychiatric injury is foreseeable in such a situation then the claimant can claim and be compensated. The leading case of primary victims who are exposed to injury, but not actually physically hurt, is the case of Page v Smith  [7]  where the victim was involved in an accident but was not injured, however he later suffered a serious illness called myalgic encephalomyelitis. Before the accident, this illness was in remission but after the accident the symptoms began to occur and he claimed it was caused by the shock of the accident. It was held in such a case there was duty of care and it was not necessary that the psychiatric injury itself was foreseeable because the defendants behavior would expose the victim to a risk of physical injury. This approach was followed in Simmons v British Steel plc  [8]  where the claimant was physically injured in a workplace accident. He developed a severe skin condition as a result of shock and anger that happened to him. He had to take a lot of time off work, which then led him to develop a depressive illness. It was decided that the defend ants were liable for his skin condition and depression that he suffered. It did not matter that the type of injuries was not foreseeable or that the victim who was more psychologically healthy might not have been affected in this way, as they had exposed him to a foreseeable risk of physical injury. Although the claimant can claim for psychiatric illness caused by fears for their own safety even though no physical injury occurred, there has to be some basis for the fears. In McFarlane v Wilkinson  [9]  , it was held that the fear has to be reasonable given the nature of the risk as well as the claimants situation. However what is unclear is whether the claimant can be considered as a primary victim if they were not actually in physical danger but had reasonable grounds for thinking that they might be. The two leading judgments in the case of White v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire  [10]  differ a bit in this situation: First it was discussed that the claimant must have objectively exposed himself to danger or reasonably believed that he was doing so; on the other hand it was referred to primary victims being in the position of foreseeable physical injury. Obviously in many cases the reasonable belief that the claimant was in danger arises from the fact that they actua lly were. Moreover in CJD Group B Claimants v The Medical Research Council  [11]  it was suggested that there might be a group which could not be considered as primary victims in an actual sense but nevertheless should be treated the same way. Claimants in this case had growth problem as children and were treated with injections of growth hormone which later was discovered to have contaminated with virus which causes a fatal brain condition (Creutzfeldt Jakob disease referred to as CJD) and they were regarded to be at risk of developing CJD. The claimants then had to live with fear of knowing that they might develop the disease and some of them suffered psychiatric injury as a result. The defendants were held liable as they had been negligent in allowing the injections to continue even after the risk of contamination was suspected. The claimants also claimed they were owed a duty of care as primary victims regarding psychiatric injury. However they were not considered to be primary victim s in a real sense because the psychiatric injury was not actually initiated by the physical act of the injections, but by the fact that they might be at risk of developing CJD. Their claim was allowed although basing on the relationship of proximity between the parties that the psychiatric injuries were foreseeable, therefore no reason to exclude them from compensation. Secondary Victims A secondary victim is the one who suffers psychiatric injury as a result of witnessing or being informed about an accident which involves another. It is a bit difficult to begin with when the plaintiff himself is neither physically injured nor threatened with injury but can suffer psychological illness and claim for compensation. Among them there are groups of people who suffered psychiatric injury as a result of witnessing the death or injury of friends, relatives or work colleagues; those whose psychiatric injury has been caused by them bringing about death or injury to others where the ultimate cause was someone elses negligence; and those who have suffered psychiatric injury as a result of acting as rescuers, both those who have voluntarily given assistance to others in danger, and those who have done so as a result of their jobs for example police officers. Up until the case of White v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire  [12]  , each of these groups were treated differently but after the above said case, they are all subject to the same rules developed in McLoughlin v OBrian  [13]  as well as Alcock v Chief Constable of Yorkshire  [14]  which is that secondary victims could only claim for psychiatric injury in very limited circumstances. In McLoughlin v OBrian  [15]  , the claimant was not with her family when they were involved in an accident. One of her daughter was killed and her husband and two other children were injured badly. The claimant then rushed to the hospital when she was told about the accident and when she saw her family she then suffered psychiatric injury as a result, including clinical depression and personality changes. When she made a claim it was allowed although only witnesses who were present at the scene of a shocking incident were allowed to recover the psychiatric injury. The decision is a bit confusing though, however it was still suggested that the sole issue is still reasonable foresight, and she can claim because her psychiatric injury was foreseeable. The other judges though looked at it in another way and what they suggested seemed to be found in favor. The issue was that, psychiatric injury did not have to be reasonably foreseeable as itself it is not enough to create a duty of care towards the secondary victims. Secondary victims will have to satisfy a series of other requirements including their relationship with the primary victims of the shocking incident and their position with regard to the accident. Alcock v Chief Constable of Yorkshire  [16]  involved 10 appellants who suffered psychiatric injury as a result of a disaster in 1989 at Hillsborough Stadium, in which as a result of the admitted negligent defendants, 95 people were crushed to death, and over 400 people were physically injured. None of the appellants had suffered any physical injury, or being in any danger. In fact most of them were not at the ground though they saw part of the events on television. There was a need for the law to place some limitation beyond reasonable foreseeability and medical proof of causation. Due to that, Alcocks case gave specific groups of people who could claim because between them there were those who had a special relationship with the dead or injured, and positions in relation to the incident (includes parents, grandparents, brothers, fiancà ©s and friends) who either were at the stadium and witnessed the tragedy, seen it on television or being told the news by the third party. Havi ng the claimants made claims concerning them suffering psychiatric injury due to that, the courts had to look at it in a different point of view since it was generally the policy of the common law not to compensate third parties. However there were some exceptions which were made. In order to recover psychiatric harm, it is necessary to consider the following; First, the secondary victim must prove that psychiatric injury was a reasonable foreseeable consequence of the defendants negligence, and once that has been proven, three further tests have to be taken into account including, the nature and the cause of the psychiatric injury; the class of person into which the claimant falls in terms of their relationship to the primary victim(s) and the claimants proximity to the shocking incident in terms of time and place. The nature of the psychiatric injury A claimant must prove that their psychiatric damage amounts to a recognized psychiatric illness. Moreover the psychiatric damage must have been caused by the claimant suffering a sudden and unexpected shock caused by a horrifying event. This excludes those who suffer psychiatric illness as a result of suffering form loss of their beloved ones, or the stress of having to look after a disabled relative injured by negligence of another. In Sion v Hampstead Health Authority  [17]  , the claimant developed a stress related psychiatric illness due to watching his sun slowly die in intensive care as a result of negligent medical treatment. As his psychiatric illness was not caused by a sudden shock, then he could not recover damage for it. However in contrast with the case of North Glamorgan NHS Trust v Walters  [18]  where the claimant was a mother of a baby boy who died after receiving negligent treatment for which the defendants were responsible. The mother was asked to consider switching off the life support machine because the boy was regarded to have severe brain damage and was in a coma. She and her husband agreed to it and as a result of the events, she suffered a psychiatric illness. The courts said that the horrifying event could be made up of series of events, that is witnessing his son chocking and coughing blood, hearing news that her son was brain damaged after being told that he was not, and watching him dying. Each had their own immediate impact and could be differed from cases where psychiatric illness was caused by realizing that the child was dying. Therefore as long as a sudden shock is at least partly responsible for the claimants psychiatric illness, one can be able to claim for damage. A Class of person If a secondary victim can prove they suffered psychiatric illness due to a sudden shock caused by the defendants negligence, then they will also have to prove that they fall within a class of people which the law allows them to claim for compensation for such injuries. The key cases have focused on three possible classes of people Rescuers at the scene of accidents; Employees of the party causing the accident; and Unwitting Agents Rescuers These are people who suffer psychiatric injury as a result of helping the primary victims of a shocking incident. In the case of Chadwick v British Railways Board  [19]  the claimant spent 12 hours helping victims of terrible train disaster which occurred near his home and over 90 people were killed. Due to the experience he suffered psychiatric illness and it was successful. Rescuers are not to be considered as a special category of secondary victims, but have to be subject to the normal rules on secondary victims. There is no pre-existing close relationship between them and the primary victims. However this does not much apply to special officers who act as rescuers since it is already their job, but rather voluntary rescuers can claim as secondary victims if at all they have not suffered any physical injuries but psychiatric illness as a result. Employees Employers are regarded to owe a duty of care towards employees to ensure that they are safe at work. Before the case of White, it was established that an employee had a right to recover for psychiatric illness caused by witnessing or fearing injury to fellow workers as a result of an employers negligence. However after the case, it was held that there was no such right. An employers duty to safeguard employees was not different from the duty of care owed by all people to others whom their conduct might affect. The employers duty to employees is an aspect of the law of negligence and its then subject to the normal rules of negligence. There is no special duty of care regarding psychiatric damage caused by employers to employees, just the normal rules. However one can claim if at all the psychiatric illness was a foreseeable consequence of the defendants negligence as given in the case of Dooley v Cammell Laird Co Ltd  [20]   Unwitting Agents Although the case of White makes it clear that employees are not to be regarded as special group of psychiatric illness claimants, what remains unclear is those who witness a shocking accident caused by someone elses negligence, and while they dont suffer any physical injury themselves, they might be considered bystanders because some of their actions caused injury or death to others. For example in Dooley v Cammell Laird  [21]  , the claimant without his fault, a load dropped into the hold of the ship being unloaded. He was able to claim for psychiatric injury caused by fearing for the safety of his colleague working below. However the case of White still doesnt find the right to exist although up until the case of Hunter v British Coal  [22]  , there seemed to be suggestions that unwitting agents may have a claim if they satisfy requirements of proximity of time and place. (How close they are to the shocking event in terms of time and place) Conclusively, due to some areas of law being harsh and difficult under this, the Law Commission published reforms to make changes in relation to the rules for secondary victims being restrictive, requirement for a close tie between primary and secondary victims to be justified and remain, the requirement of proximity should be abolished and the requirement for psychiatric injury caused by sudden shock should be abandoned.

Internet as a Research Tool Essay -- Expository Web Internet Essays

Internet as a Research Tool Because of its speed and convenience, the Internet has quickly become one of the most-used resources for gathering information. The Internet allows people to have access to a lot of information in one place, and in the convenience of their own homes. However, many problems arise when students use the Internet as a research source for school assignments. Many students are typically under the false assumption that everything on the Internet is valid; if it’s written it must be true. Problems that emerge from using the Internet as a research tool are the quantity of information, the quality of the information, issues of plagiarism, and additional problems with general Internet usage. The issues discussed in this paper are mostly referring to the information found on the Internet when students used it to do research. Most of these problems mentioned often do not apply to publications that are found in both the print form and in an online form. A misconception many students often have is the belief that everything can be found on the Internet if provided with the right tools to find it. In reality, however, Marylaine Block asserts in her article entitled â€Å"Getting Students Beyond The Net†, that â€Å"the Net represents, at most, perhaps 12% of the world’s accumulated store of information† (Block, 2003, What’s Not on the Net section, para. 1). Because of various circumstances, such as â€Å"the prohibitive cost of digitizing, lack of interest, and copyright issues†, the majority of this information is not and will not ever appear on the Internet (The Second Largest Source: Books section, para. 1). Very few periodicals earlier than 1980 have been digitized for these reasons. Therefore, most of the peri... ... March 2, 2004 from Academic Search Premier database. Mash, S. D. (2003). Libraries, Books, and Academic Freedom. Academe, (89)3, 50-54. Retrieved March 1, 2004 from Academic Search Premier database. Matthew, K. I., Varagoor, G. (2001). Student Responses to Online Course Materials. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, (33)5. Retrieved March 4, 2004 from ERIC database. Minkel, W. (2002). Web of Deceit. School Library Journal, (48)4, 50-53. Retrieved March 4, 2004 from ERIC database. Sidler, M. (2002). Web Research and Genres in Online Databases: When the Glossy Page Disappears. Computers and Composition, (19)1, 57-70. Retrieved March 4, 2004 from ERIC database. Towson University Infotutor. Retrieved March 4, 2004 from http://cooklibrary.towson.edu/infotutor/www/web7b.cfm.

Butterflies Essay

               In the name of Allah the most beneficent the most merciful A beautiful scene of dusk depicts a sweet picture of the universe, when the sun sets, and calm and stillness engulfs the loud voices of the day, I often see the birds returning back to their nests. These tiny creatures, lacking the faculty of reasoning and speech, believe that the best place ever found in the world is home. No matter how far we are from our homes, its necessity never diminishes and Mr. President, respectable teachers worthy parents and dear fellows this is the first reason Why I love Pakistan? Pakistan’s creation was no doubt the finest hour of our history our forefathers who had fought for it envisioned the promise of long cherished freedom, democracy and prosperity. It is the country which was created to work for an ideal democratic state based on social justice as an upholder of human freedom and world peace, in which all citizens were to enjoy equal rights and freedom from fear, want and ignorance. Dear fellows, Pakistan my homeland is in fact the land of blessings. Its creation speaks its dignity. History teaches us that how much cherished the dream of Pakistan was and how seriously our fathers fought for it .believe me or not, the most significant reason of loving Pakistan is independence movement itself. I know very well Mr. President that the shackles of slavery snatch all such all creative facilities and the beautiful world a heaven to breathe in, turns into hell without freedom. By the grace of Allah my country, my love, my homeland offers me to enjoy the open air of independence .Being a student I have surfaced the papers of history to know about the grand sacrifices of my forefathers and as humble token I express my gratitude to them by proudly announcing in public that Pakistan I love u . ,And I have millions of reasons to prove that why I love Pakistan? I was wondering a few days ago what Pakistan has done for me and how we react when someth ing happens down there. I am proud to say that Im Muslim, and after my religion I am most proud of the country to which I belong, Pakistan. Here are some facts: Pakistan is the only country to be founded on the basis of Islam Pakistan posseses the 6th largest army in the world today. Pakistan is the single most powerful Muslim country in the world today. Pakistani Air Force and Army personnel train all other Muslim countries, which include most Arab nations today. Pakistan is the only Muslim country that posseses Nuclear power. Pakistan is the bridge between the Middle East and South Asia. Pakistan is one of the oldest civilizations (5000 year known history), it is a mix of cultures Dear guests, I am a Pakistani student and citizen, I believe on unity and, friendship, I have no fear, I can see the bright future of Pakistan. as Quaid said.† There is no power on earth that can undo Pakistan†. In end I would pray all of you to love this country as a blessing of God, stand united, guard its identity and geographical boundaries, work day and night for its better and exalted image,. Live like Ghazis and Shaheens of Iqbal, die like martyrs. I want to salute to all national heroes and my teachers on this great day, when ever listen the best name Pakistan always respond Zindabad. Its high time to hold hands and say it out loud.pakistan zindabad.Salute Pakistan.

Existentialism and Phenomenology Essay

Existentialism and Phenomenology Essay Free Online Research Papers To describe the historical development of Continental philosophy’s existentialism and phenomenology as a response to Hegelian idealism one must first define Hegelian idealism. Hegel thought that â€Å"†¦what is most real- the Absolute- is thought thinking of itself.†(Moore-Bruder, 2005 P. 143) He also thought that it was not an independent group of ideas, but that all the ideas were interconnected. He would propose a thesis, then an antithesis, and together they would form the synthesis. Meaning the thesis and antithesis were the foundation for the synthesis, which would become a new thesis and antithesis forming a new synthesis until the synthesis reached the apex. Hegel thought the highest triad was the â€Å"synthesis of ‘Idea’ and ‘Nature’ in ‘Spirit’.†(Moore-Bruder, 2005 P. 145) Idea meaning self-conscious thought, Nature meaning the external expression of Idea, and Spirit meaning thought to recognize itself as both thought and an object. Sà ¸ren Kierkegaard, the first major existential philosopher, disagreed with Hegel. He thought that individuals and their will and needs impacted their decision-making process. He thought despair was the result of an individual having to make ethical and religious choices alone, and that the only relief one could be granted was that from a belief and trust in a higher power or God even if it went against the universal norms. Friedrich Nietzsche also disagreed with Hegel’s idealism and all similar rationales. He thought man, as a whole, was irrational and would do what they were told, without question, like a herd of animals. He thought the rare Superman was able to overcome the slave mentality and have thoughts of his own. The Superman was able to create his own values rather than looking toward God as their source of values. The existential movement was not only embraced by philosophers but by artists and writers as well. Albert Camus believed that many people lived their entire life in a sort of haze. Our two basic needs, the need for clarity and the need for social warmth and contact, usually go unmet because we go about our lives fulfilling what we perceive as important needs instead of what actually are. Jean-Paul Sartre believed that there was no God, and that thought had four basic philosophical implications. He believed that you are what you make of yourself, that there is no reason for existing, that our choices are made of our own free will and that we all establish our own values. He believed that by making choices about one’s life and future we give meaning to our lives and that how we act is a true vision into what kind of person you are. Edmund Husserl’s work is the starting point for what is now known as phenomenology. Phenomenology states that one should look at the objects that are actually present and not concern oneself with the second world that metaphysics presents such as Plato’s forms. Martin Heidegger thought that humans had forgotten about Being, the ultimate source, because of human-made logic. He believed that â€Å"†¦it is both arrogant and destructive to assume that humans are the masters of nature or to follow Protagoras’s dictum that man is the measure of all things.†(Moore-Bruder, 2005 P. 175) He thought that speech was a useless flood of words without any true meaning. Emmanuel Levinas believed that humans could not study Being and try to explain beings, he thought beings had to study themselves first in order to explain Being. He thought that one’s primary responsibility is for the Other and it is more important than their responsibility to themselves and to the world. He thought that true freedom is only attained by obedience to God and His commandments. The historical development of Continental philosophy’s existentialism and phenomenology as a response to Hegelian idealism has basically been one of disagreement. Philosophers seem to disagree with most of Hegel’s ideas. There is also some disagreement among the existentialists and phenomenologists both within their own categories and between the two. Most of Continental philosophy’s ideas are based on ideas that were previously stated. References Moore-Bruder: Philosophy: The Power of Ideas (6th ed.). The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2005 Research Papers on Existentialism and Phenomenology EssayLogic and Perception EssaySociology EssaySociology is a ScienceDeontological Teleological TheoriesEssay on â€Å"I have a Dream† Dr KingJoel Kovel’s The Enemy of NatureIntentism The Resurrection of the AuthorHomer The Great Greek PoetGlobal Distributive Justice is UtopianThe Gnostic Jesus

Comparison of Nora from A Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen and Elisa from The Chrysanthemums by John Steinbeck

Comparison of Nora from A Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen and Elisa from The Chrysanthemums by John Steinbeck Two female characters Nora from A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen and Elisa from The Chrysanthemums by John Steinbeck have many similar characteristics. Both are women who live with husbands who do not understand them and do not feel the things as women do.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Comparison of Nora from A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen and Elisa from The Chrysanthemums by John Steinbeck specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Both characters are intelligent women who need to change their life, but being brutalized by husbands, they do not know how to improve the life. However, there is also a number of differences in the characters’ behavior. One woman stays in the same place with the same conditions and another does away towards the new happy life. The story of John Steinbeck describes only one day of life of the character, while Henrik Ibsen uses three acts in order to provide the whole p icture and to describe the rise of the conflict in details and its future culmination. One can notice that these two stories and their major female characters are similar, as they both face the similar circumstances; however, on the other hand, Nora and Elisa demonstrate different reactions on the circumstances that married life provides. The play A Doll’s House describes the nature of the relationship between husband and wife. Ibsen as the founder of realist drama uses the ideas, events and characters which are typical in the usual life. According to Goldman, the main ideas of this play are â€Å"the Social Lie and Duty† (1914). Ibsen provides the description of the social duty of woman in a home as the sacred institution. In the world ruled by men the place of women is at home. Some of people willingly accept this way; however, for other people such way of life can be a complicated challenge. The female character, Nora, seems deeper and more intelligent than her husb and Torvald. The woman has many ideas, dreams and hopes; she wants to have better life and feels that all this routine of married life with Torvald kills her personality. She sees that her husband is not that person that she imagined. He is narcissistic and does not care about Nora, children or home. Nora’s enthusiasm does not allow her to be a simple house wife, a doll of her husband. Obviously, there are many women who can accept such way of life; however, Nora is not one of them. She is not a doll and she cannot live with someone who considers her as a doll, as a toy. Nora’s life seems complicated and painful. However, she struggles for her happiness. On the other hand, many people can say that in this situation Torvald is the real victim.Advertising Looking for research paper on comparative literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It may be complicated to comprehend how woman could leave her chil dren; however, for Nora, such method seems only one and right solution. She wants to survive in this world and to start the life from the new page. Ibsen does not provide the ideas about Nora’s future and what she is going to do, where to go and how to life. Nevertheless, the author emphasizes an importance of the personal choice in spite of life of a doll. A short story The Chrysanthemums describes a life of a strong and proud Elisa Allen. Although this woman has the outstanding principles, intellect, she is kind and well-behavior, her life is full of frustration and even sorrow. She cannot have a child and her husband loses his interest toward Elisa as a woman. Only one good thing she has is her garden where the woman can cultivate the chrysanthemums. In this context, the flower is a symbol of every woman who feels frustrated and lonely. Devoting all the energy to the house and garden, Elisa is unable to find more interesting business that could draw her attention, to bring more color to her life. Although the flowers are beautiful and make the life brighter, they are not humans; they cannot provide the same feeling, emotions or help to develop the life. Elisa is ignored and lost in her own home. The evident mood of this story is the total melancholy. The first sentence is a bright demonstration of this statement: â€Å"The high gray-flannel fog of winter closed off the Salinas Valley from the sky and from all the rest of the world† (Steinbeck). The city of the heroes is closed from all the world as well as Elisa is closed in her house. It is the story of the desperate house wife where a happy-end seems like an incredible miracle. One can see the similarities between the image of Elisa and Nora, because both women are intelligent, passionate and unsatisfied by the life that they have to maintain. Both of the characters care about their home. Thus, Elisa’s home is â€Å"hard-swept and hard-polished† (Steinbeck), while Nora’s   Ã¢â‚¬Å"room furnished comfortably and tastefully, but not extravagantly† (Ibsen). Both of the stories take place in winter. In this context, the season can be considered as a symbolical expression of mood o the characters. However, if Elisa’s winter may last for a long time, Nora tries to reach the spring of her existence. Perhaps, the life of Nora seems more interesting, because she has children, friends and one man is even in love with her. At the same time, Elisa seems absolutely lonely and her only friends are flowers. She gets an opportunity express herself only in the conversation with the tinker. However, when this man disappears, Elisa feels even worse than before. Sweet indicates that after the meet with tinker, Elisa â€Å"becomes more and more feminine† (212). At the beginning, Nora and Torvald seem normal and happy family.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Comparison of Nora from A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibs en and Elisa from The Chrysanthemums by John Steinbeck specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The author describes their every-days life in details. On the other hand, the beginning of The Chrysanthemums seems already melancholic and cold. It is possible to suppose that Elisa’s married life is full of problems. However, such fast way of determining the problem is caused by the characteristics of a genre of the short story, in spite of play, where the author has the space and time to describe the conflict slowly, preparing the readers for the culmination. Nora and Elisa demonstrate different reaction on the crisis. While Elisa collapses and gives up, Nora leaves her family and believes in the better future and changes in her own life. Nora does not want to help her husband. She understands that if he did not want to change something in their life before, he will never do it. Therefore, being a clever and intelligent woman, she finds the solu tion and abandons her family before she will lose herself and lose her dreams. Such culmination seems unusual for 19th century. Analysis of the cultural background demonstrates that women’s role in the West was simple and all house wives were mostly dependent on their family and especially on their husbands (Mayer 8). On the other hand, Elisa cannot find enough straights to make an important step. She loses her ability to reflect rationally. The ends of two stories are absolutely different. Elisa does not want to argue with her husband and turns up her collar, crying like an old woman. One day of Elisa’s life can be compared with all her life. The reader can suppose that every day of Elisa is the same as the one described in the story. At the end of A Dolls’ House, Nora turns back on the family and goes away, choosing her own road in this world and making a step forward the new life. Analyzing the stories A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen and Elisa from The Chrysanthemums by John Steinbeck, one can see the different reactions and responses to the problems and various challenges that married life provides. Although the major characters of two stories have the similar circumstances, the culminations of their problems are different. One woman decides to leave her husband and children, while another continues suffering. It is obvious that both authors sympathize their female characters; however, they choose different solutions for them. It is natural that people react in the different way as we all have different characteristics, emotional range, experience and communicational skills. Some people prefer to fight and to improve their life. They know when to stop and make a step. Nora is an example of such personality. Vice versa, Elisa shows an example of an opposite personality, a woman who cannot decide how to solve the problems and to develop her life.Advertising Looking for research paper on comparative literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Goldman, Emma. The Social Significance of the Modern Drama. Boston: Richard g. Barger, 1914. Web. lib.berkeley.edu/goldman/. Ibsen, Henrik. A Doll’s House. Gutenberg.org. Web.. Mayer, Laura Reis. Henrik Ibsen: A Doll’s House: A Teacher’s Guide to the Signet Classics Edition. US: Penguin Books, 2008. Print. Steinbeck, John. The Chrysanthemums. Web.. Sweet, Charles A. Jr. â€Å"Mr. Elisa Allen and Steinbeck’s â€Å"The Chrysanthemums.† Modern Fiction Studies. Ed. William T. Stafford and Margaret Church. Vol. 20. West Lafayette: Purdue University, 1974. 210-214. Print.

Carbon Steel 1040 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Carbon Steel 1040 - Essay Example The delivery times taken by the mills ranges between 10 and 50 weeks after the placement of order depending upon the form and size of steel required. Carbon Steels 1040 is primarily stocked by 12 distributors in Bar Products, though it is also, to some extent, available in tubular products, wire products, fasteners, forging products, and flat rolled products. The principle design feature of Carbon Steels 1040 includes its higher carbon content i.e. 0.4 per cent that lends it more strength as compared to the lower alloys of carbon (â€Å"Carbon Steels 1040†). Carbon Steels 1040 are given heat treatment to make them hard. They are quenched and tempered so that a tensile strength from 150 ksi to 250 ksi can be developed in them (â€Å"Carbon Steels 1040†). It has good machinability since it is rated at 60 per cent machinability given by the 1112 alloy that is employed as 100 per cent rated steel for machining (â€Å"Carbon Steels 1040†). Carbon Steels 1040 forming gets quickly accomplished in the annealed condition. It can be welded using any method of welding. However, its higher content of carbon imparts the need to use pre-heat and post-heat practice at 300 to 500 F and 1100 to 1200 F respectively according to a verified procedure of welding. Carbon Steels 1040 show good response to the hardening at 1550 to 1650 F achieved by heat treatment when the heating is followed by water quench as well as tempering (â€Å"Carbon Steels 1040†). This helps attain the desired level of strength in the steel. One problem with Carbon Steels 1040 is that the higher carbon content makes it very brittle and hard. Increased carbon affects the temperature where the forming of martensite commences (see fig.1.). At lower temperature, steel is less plastic and not very capable of accommodating the changes in volume linked with the changing to martensite. Increased brittleness in the steel subjects it to cracking and distortion. However, increased concentration on the materials that

The Future of India's Economy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

The Future of India's Economy - Research Paper Example Most countries in the western world are facing declining proportion of working-age population due to aging; however, there is not going to be much change in the proportion of a working-age population of India in the years ahead. Aging population proportion is increasing every year across most developed economies and reasons attributed to the phenomenon are a reduction in fertility rates and gains in overall longevity of men and women. Only India and South Africa will have a higher share of the working-age population. In 2011, the working-age population in India, age 15-64, is estimated at nearly 65 % of the total population that will increase further to around 68% in 2030. Though it will decline slightly in 2060 in proportion to the total population, it will still be higher in percentage terms when compared with its level of 2011. This is important because most of the developed economies including Japan, the US, and China, the proportion of this working class would have reduced to le ss than 60 percent (Johansson et al. p14). From the table, it is amply clear that its annual population growth rate would be even lower than the US; however, it will be higher than China, which shows a negative growth rate in 2060. By 2060, India will be the top country in terms of population in the world. Crude death rate per thousand will be lesser than the US and China perhaps due to a relatively younger population in comparison to these countries. The infant mortality rate is an important indicator of health policies that prevail in the country, and on that count, it will still remain significantly higher than both the countries in comparison. Life expectancy for male and female both would have reached at the decent levels by then.

MGMT 436 U5 DB Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

MGMT 436 U5 DB - Research Paper Example Which of the 4 change projects should the consulting group suggest helping the company design and develop? Which function can the company OD do better (as primary lead consultant) than an external group? The consulting group should suggest a change project which would assist the company in generating the most profits within the minimum cost. As such, the company OD, who has access to pertinent information, which is privy to an external group, would enable them to function better. Generate ideas about how you can move toward making the leadership team more independent. What would you have to see happen or what evidence would you look for to see that you can terminate your relationship with the team without any damage being done? To make the leadership team become more independent, the following suggestions are proposed: (1) assign a team leader who would be tasked to solicit ideas, comments, suggestions to undertake a particular project or task; (2) delegate roles and responsibilities of members; (3) monitor progress of the project regularly; and (4) only elevate crucial issues that cannot be resolved by the team to authorized superiors. As such, when the team is able to operate and perform independently and has been able to consistently deliver the expected outcome or defined goals, then, one could terminate the relationship with the team without any damage being done. Provide your thoughts about with which projects the consulting group should be involved. You know you could help with them all, but what is ethical? How much money and time can you, as consultants, lose or make based on this decision? What should drive the decision process? The projects that the consulting group should be involved are those that have never been undertaken by any teams within the organization. This means that the project should be new, complex or not within the traditional area of specialization of the organization. It is therefore ethical to

Comparison of The Speckled Band and Lamb to the Slaughter Essay Example for Free

Comparison of The Speckled Band and Lamb to the Slaughter Essay In this essay I will be comparing the two stories The Speckled Band by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and Lamb to the Slaughter by Roald Dahl. The Speckled Band was written in 1892.This was in The Victorian Period when people had very little faith in the Police and Conan Doyle needed to create a Detective who always got everything right so that the public started to believe the Police could actually get it right. It was first published in a magazine called The Strand in weekly episodes so to a certain extent he needed to keep his readers interested as well which is why the plot is so complicated. The plot is about a woman called Helen Stoner who is going to get married, but someone or something murders her sister who also was supposed to get married. Helen Stoner goes to see Sherlock Holmes to see if he can help solve the crime. The plot is full of twists and red herrings that is up to the reader to try and solve as they go along but as always Sherlock Holmes works out the significance of everything and solves the crime. Lamb to the Slaughter was written in 1954by Roald Dahl. This story was also published in a magazine called Harpers but was written to be read in one go so it does not have the complicated layout of Conan Doyles story. Instead the reader knows exactly what is going on form the start of the story and the ending is shocking and designed to entertain and horrify. It was written by Dahl to show how women at the time were a lot more powerful than the men gave them credit for and should be respected more than being at home , pregnant. The plot is about a modern couple that seem to be falling out. Mary Maloney is the perfect 1950s housewife who makes dinner and cleans, but one day when her husband (Patrick Maloney) comes home from work they have an argument. Mary loses her temper with Patrick and hits him over the head with a leg of lamb and accidentally kills him. In a panic she phones the police and puts the leg of lamb in the oven to cook for dinner. When the police arrive she persuades them to eat the lamb because it would be a waste of food. In the end the police eat the evidence and Mary didnt get caught. Dahl uses comic irony at the end to engage the reader as Mary sits there laughing about what she has done; you dont imagine her to do this as a middle class housewife. The times that these stories are set in are both very different. Like travel, in The Speckled Band. They travel by horse and cart but in Lamb to the Slaughter trey use car or foot just like in the modern day. For communication the people in 1892 would have to write or go and see the person they wanted to talk to but in 1954 they would have used the telephone. Also in 1892 they did not have much electricity so they used candles instead of light, whereas in 1954 they had lots of electricity. In 1892 the women would have worn veils and long skirts but in 1954 they would have they would have worn jeans, t-shirt etc. in 1892 rich families would lived in large houses with servants but in the modern day most families are middle classed and do not have the money for servants etc. When there was an enquiry in 1892 the detectives would have had to use their own knowledge to solve crimes but in 1954 they would use fingerprints, evidence etc to solve the crimes. The language used in The Speckled Band was old fashioned and very formal like when Sherlock Holmes says Very sorry to knock you up Watson, said he, but its the common lot this morning. He also says things like Mrs Hudson has been knocked up, she reported upon me, and I on you. This isnt the kind of language we would use in the modern day and proves that it is set in 1892. However in Lamb to the Slaughter there was a lot of slang and it was not as formal. Like when Mary says Hullo darling. And Hullo Sam to the grocer. However the way she speaks to Sam the grocer proves it was set in the 1950s and not in any other time because we would not know the person in the corner shops first name today but it was common in the 1950s to be friendly with them. In The Speckled Band Sherlock Holmes is the main character. He is a famous detective and solves difficult cases. Conan Doyle invented him because people in the Victorian times were fed with the fact that the police could not solve any crimes and he wanted a character that always got everything right. However in Lamb to the Slaughter there were police who are good at solving cases but wouldnt be able to solve them without any evidence and they are very arrogant and treat Mary as a silly woman when in fact she is the person who has tricked them and been the murderer. Dahl does this to shock his readers and make it even more dramatic which Conan Doyle would not want to do because they needed to trust their detective! In The Speckled Band the killer was a snake that had been hypnotised by Helen Stoners stepfather, but all the way through the story he is a suspect and he acts suspiciously like when Helen goes to visit Sherlock Holmes to tell him what has been going on, shortly after she leaves her stepfather came in asking if she has been here. It seemed like he had something to hide, but in the end it had nothing to do with him. In Lamb to the Slaughter Mary seems like a nice, gentle woman who feels that she has to help out. Like when she says, Darling, shall I get your slippers? but after the police eat the evidence she laughs so I think he whole issue hade made her go a bit insane. At the beginning of the story you didnt expect it from her because she just seems like a normal, average wife like when it said about She took his coat and hung it in the closet. and when it said She was sat back again in her chair with the sewing. The scene seems too realistic for something bad to happen. In The Speckled Band the victim was Helen Stoners sister because there was nothing anyone could do to save her; this made the readers feel very sorry for her. The next victim was Helen Stoner and because nobody knew what killed her sister it seemed that she needed protection. I would expect someone like her to be the next victim because she is a woman who has done nothing wrong and is innocent. I dont think her or her sister deserved to be the victims because they are both just happy and normal people. In Lamb to the Slaughter you dont feel sorry for Patrick because he is being horrible to Mary and you feel automatically on her side from the beginning. I think he deserved to be upset but not killed because they are just having a falling out. The Speckled Band is set in Stoke Moran, which is Helens stepfather house. Sherlock Holmes is investigating the house. I think it is a good setting for a murder to take place and because its a very big house which makes it creepier for the reader because you dont know what is doing the killings. Lamb to the Slaughter is set in Mary Maloneys house. I think the way the author has described it makes it sound very realistic, like when he says, The room was warm and clean, the curtains drawn, the two table lamps alight. This makes the room sound cosy and like it really exists. You can really picture the scenery. I also think its a good setting for a murder because you can imagine it happening there. I think I would expect it because so many crimes in real life have been taken place in houses. Out of the two stories I preferred Lamb to the Slaughter because it is easier to understand and keeps you interested all the way though with the description it uses. I disliked the other story because the speaking parts dragged on to long and I did really just want to get on and find out what happens.

Freuds psychodynamic approach and rogers humanistic approach

Freuds psychodynamic approach and rogers humanistic approach For this essay I will be comparing and contrasting the psychodynamic approach concentrating on Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) and humanistic approach looking at Carl Rogers theory (1902-1987) focussing on mainly the middle adult stage of human development. The Psychodynamic approach emphasises unconscious dynamics within the individual such as inner forces, conflict or the movement of instinctual energy The founding father of the psychodynamic approach was Sigmund Freud, he believed that everybody has inner conflicts and was interested in how these can be resolved. Freud focused on the unconscious mind, believing that adult personality develops due to the passing through of five stages which he called psychosexual from birth to adolescence; the oral stage, the anal stage, the phallic stage, the latency stage, and lastly the genital stage. Any trauma suffered at one of these important stages Freud believed would result in fixation, if that adult has greater underlying problems, stemming from childhood then this Freud felt showed as regression meaning the behaviour they then show is closer to that of when they were a child. (Gross 1996) An example of fixation of a male in the phallic stage means that individual can become vain and self-assured however a female fixated in the same stage may fight hard for superiority over men. If an adult is lucky enough to avoid any problems during Freuds early stages develop a genital character meaning they grow to be mature, and are able to love and be loved. (Eysenck 2000:318) (Bee Boyd 2003) Freud divided the mind in three parts; the id which is the unconscious, which he described as a cauldron full of seething excitationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.it is filled with energyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦butà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦has no organisationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦only striving to bring about the satisfaction of instinctual needs subject to the observance of the pleasure principleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ it is an individuals basic sexual aggressive impulses, and where the libido lies. The id has two major instincts Eros; the life instinct that motivates people to focus on pleasure seeking tendencies and Thanatos; the death instinct that motivates people to use aggressive urges to destroy. The ego works on the reality principle and is the thinking part of the personality it has the job of keeping, the id satisfied and happy. Freud described the ego as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the part of the id which has been modified by the direct influence of the external worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.the ego represents what may be called reason and c ommon sense, in contrast to the id which contains the passionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.in its relation to the id it is like a man on horseback, who has to hold in check the superior strength of the horseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. The third part of the personality is the superego which is the parent and moral judge. The ego must try and satisfy the id without disrespecting the superegos rules. (Bee Boyd 2003) (Beckett Taylor 2010:22-23) (Changingminds.org) The egos job is extremely hard, as it has to keep the id and the superego in balance if not then an adult can experience conflict, this can result in the ego breaching the superegos rules, resulting in the ego producing defence mechanisms. Examples are repression; the forcing of conscious memory into the unconscious, displacement; a substitute object takes the place for the expression of anger and denial; the refusal to acknowledge problems that occur, these are three from many forms of defence mechanisms the ego triggers in order to reduce anxiety. Freud understood that without defence mechanism an individual would not be able to cope with the tensions within the personality. (Wade Tavris 2006) (Gross 1997) Carl Rogers was the founding father of humanistic psychology and client centred therapy, his theory was a reaction psychodynamic psychology. Rogers saw potential in every living organism and truly felt that everything organic had the potential to self-actualise. He gained this insight after seeing potatoes in a dark cellar that had begun to sprout stretching to the light from the window in his childhood. It is the urge which is evident in all organic and human life to expand, become autonomous, develop, mature (Gross 1997:764) Rogers felt differently to Freud, he felt individuals were born innately good, we have mental and social problems that are caused from external influences. It is an approach that emphasises free will, personal growth, resilience and the achievement of human development (Wade Tavris 2006) Rogers believed that the concept of self was of importance and mainly conscious, it consists of our thoughts and feelings, everyone has an organismic self; what we actually are, a self-concept; what the outside world has made us and an ideal self; the person we would most likely to be. Rogers believed that our driving forces are largely devoted to the lack of self-actualising our needs and potential. Everybody requires positive regard from others, as well as positive self-regard from inside our own self, anomalies a rise when there is incongruence between the adults self-concept and the organismic self. In order for an adult to be truly happy and there actualising tendency to be fully functioning the organismic self and the ideal self must be as close together as it is possible. When an adults life is happy and fulfilled Rogers saw this as reaching a state of absolute congruence. As an example of incongruence we could look at two scenarios; an adult male who has a mind-set that every woman he meets should fall in love with him however this is not the case whenever he meets a woman, they may feel that he has not got the qualities they are looking for, this would be incongruence. He may deal with this situation by criticising there decisions for not falling in love with him and justify this with thoughts such as she was not good enough anyway or her loss. In opposition to this if he did not have such high self-esteem and the woman did find him attractive, this is also incongruence. His thought patterns to deal with women liking him could be she does not really like me or even find fault with the women, to find a reason for the action. (Eysenck 2000) (Gross 1997) If we now compare and contrast the two theories we can initially see they are poles apart however some aspects can be viewed as very similar. Freuds view that when an adult has developed a genital character and are mature and are able to love and be loved can, be compared with Rogers state of absolute congruence, both theories see that this is, where an adult is happy and well adjusted. (Eysenck 2000:318) Freuds id, ego and super ego can be viewed as similar to Rogers organismic self, self- concept and the ideal self. In each of the theories, there is one aspect of the personality that is required to keep a balance between the other two id and superego are balanced by the ego in Freud theory and organismic self and the ideal self by the self-concept in Rogers theory each having to maintain balance so that there is a sense of order within the personality. (Gross 1997) We can also look at Freuds defence mechanisms which are there to help in situations that cause anxiety. In my example with the adult male showing incongruence above, the reaction can be compared to Freuds projection in which the male has placed his own unwanted feelings onto someone else or rationalizing by finding an acceptable excuse for his behaviour, due to his reaction to the situation. (Gross 1997) Both theories are similar in that they are both from an era when society was not so diverse in culture, sexuality and ethnicity, and was very male dominated at the time, each theorist could not have for seen these dramatic changes in society. Freuds psychosexual stages can be seen as not very flexible to other cultures as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦it does not always make much sense if you attempt to apply this model to adults that are not from western cultures (Walker Crawford 2010:117) Rogers saw the present and the conscious was the most significant part of an adult and focused on the here and now instead of, trying to find relevance to the past and therefore did not incorporate childhood in his theories for problems that an individual may face in life. He felt that the negative actions of an adult do not remove there worth as an individual believing the ultimate goal was personal growth, development and understanding through constant self-improvement and self-understanding and every person is capable of reaching this, adults were born innately good and had a positive outlook on everything organic, choosing to take a more holistic approach. In comparison to Freud who was more interested in negative aspects and concentrated on childhood development, the conflicts as an adult we face if we have not moved successfully through his psychosexual stages of development that can cause conflict in out unconscious mind. (www.humanism.com) Rogers did not incorporate childhood into his theory, believing that a person can resolve any incongruence in their lives as adults and can therefore self-actualise no matter what the conflicts through childhood they had as we all have freewill, whereas Freuds theory only concentrated on childhood and what happens in childhood shapes the adult we become and are in the future (Gross 1997) In conclusion there may be a few similarities within each approach however each approach could not be further apart in terms of the theories one believes in the unconscious and the other conscious drives in terms of a persons growth and development. Freuds theory appears to be more dated and not as flexible to change as Rogers humanistic approach it also feels more negative towards human development then Rogers who appears to see everything in a positive light, not all problems in childhood can be associated with the adult grows, development how they adapt to society and others around them. There are many outside influences that can shape a person for the future, not just the way in which an adult has been nurtured as a child and the experiences they encounter. (Beckett Taylor 2010) (Walker Crawford 2010) Psychoanalysis is founded upon acceptance determinism, or acceptance of aspects of our lives outside of our control, whilst humanism thought bases itself on the concept of freewill (www.humanism.com) (1412 without quotes)